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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Apache Subversion</span></span>
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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">Apache Subversion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="CollabNet" title="CollabNet">CollabNet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Apache_Software_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Software Foundation">Apache Software Foundation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">20&nbsp;October 2000<span style="display:none">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2000-10-20</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">
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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/subversion/trunk/">svn<wbr>.apache<wbr>.org<wbr>/repos<wbr>/asf<wbr>/subversion<wbr>/trunk<wbr>/</a></span> </li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">
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</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></li><li><a href="FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a></li><li><a href="HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a></li><li><a href="NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a></li><li><a href="OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a></li><li><a href="OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">OpenVMS</a></li><li><a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></li><li><a href="Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a></li><li><a href="Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Revision_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Revision control">Revision control</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache-2.0</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://subversion.apache.org/">subversion<wbr>.apache<wbr>.org</a></span>&nbsp;<span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Apache Subversion</b> (often abbreviated <b>SVN</b>, after its command name <i>svn</i>) is a <a href="Version_control" title="Version control">version control</a> system distributed as <a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> under the <a href="Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Software developers use Subversion to maintain current and historical versions of files such as <a href="Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>, web pages, and documentation. Its goal is to be a mostly compatible successor to the widely used <a href="Concurrent_Versions_System" title="Concurrent Versions System">Concurrent Versions System</a> (CVS).
</p><p>The <a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> community has used Subversion widely: for example, in projects such as <a href="Apache_Software_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Software Foundation">Apache Software Foundation</a>, <a href="FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="SourceForge" title="SourceForge">SourceForge</a>, and from 2006 to 2019, <a href="GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</a>. <a href="CodePlex" title="CodePlex">CodePlex</a> was previously a common host for Subversion repositories.
</p><p>Subversion was created by <a href="CollabNet" title="CollabNet">CollabNet</a> Inc. in 2000, and is now a top-level Apache project being built and used by a global community of contributors.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<meta property="mw:PageProp/toc">
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>
<p><a href="CollabNet" title="CollabNet">CollabNet</a> founded the Subversion project in 2000 as an effort to write an open-source version-control system which operated much like <a href="Concurrent_Versions_System" title="Concurrent Versions System">CVS</a> but which fixed the bugs and supplied some features missing in CVS.<sup id="cite_ref-bookhistory_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bookhistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2001, Subversion had advanced sufficiently to <a href="Self-hosting_(compilers)" title="Self-hosting (compilers)">host its own source code</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bookhistory_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bookhistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in February 2004, version 1.0 was released.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2009, Subversion was accepted into Apache Incubator: this marked the beginning of the process to become a standard top-level Apache project.<sup id="cite_ref-SDT2011_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDT2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became a top-level Apache project on February 17, 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
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<tbody><tr>
<th>Version
</th>
<th>Original release date
</th>
<th>Latest version
</th>
<th>Latest release date
</th>
<th>Status
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="1.0"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 1.0<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1295599781">
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</td>
<td>2004-02-23
</td>
<td>1.0.9
</td>
<td>2004-10-13
</td>
<td>No longer supported
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="1.1"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 1.1
</td>
<td>2004-09-29<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>1.1.4
</td>
<td>2005-04-01
</td>
<td>No longer supported
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="1.2"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 1.2
</td>
<td>2005-05-21<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>1.2.3
</td>
<td>2005-08-19
</td>
<td>No longer supported
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="1.3"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 1.3
</td>
<td>2005-12-30<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>1.3.2
</td>
<td>2006-05-23
</td>
<td>No longer supported
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="1.4"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 1.4
</td>
<td>2006-09-10<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>1.4.6
</td>
<td>2007-12-21
</td>
<td>No longer supported
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="1.5"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 1.5
</td>
<td>2008-06-19<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>1.5.9
</td>
<td>2010-12-06
</td>
<td>No longer supported
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="1.6"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 1.6
</td>
<td>2009-03-20<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>1.6.23
</td>
<td>2013-05-30
</td>
<td>No longer supported
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="1.7"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 1.7
</td>
<td>2011-10-11<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>1.7.22
</td>
<td>2015-08-12
</td>
<td>No longer supported
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="1.8"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 1.8
</td>
<td>2013-06-18<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>1.8.19
</td>
<td>2017-08-10
</td>
<td>No longer supported
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="1.9"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 1.9
</td>
<td>2015-08-05<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>1.9.12
</td>
<td>2019-07-24
</td>
<td>No longer supported
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="1.10"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 1.10
</td>
<td>2018-04-13<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>1.10.8
</td>
<td>2022-04-12
</td>
<td>No longer supported
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="1.11"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 1.11
</td>
<td>2018-10-30<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>1.11.1
</td>
<td>2019-01-11
</td>
<td>No longer supported
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="1.12"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 1.12
</td>
<td>2019-04-24<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>1.12.2
</td>
<td>2019-07-24
</td>
<td>No longer supported
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="1.13"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 1.13
</td>
<td>2019-10-30<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>1.13.0
</td>
<td>2019-10-30
</td>
<td>No longer supported
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="templateVersion c swatch-latest" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Latest version" data-sort-value="1.14"><span style="display: none;">Latest version:</span> <span style="font-weight: 600">1.14</span>
</td>
<td>2020-05-27<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>1.14.5<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>2024-12-08
</td>
<td>Fully supported, <a href="Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">LTS</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="templateVersion p swatch-future" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Future version" data-sort-value="1.15"><span style="display: none;">Future version:</span> 1.15
</td>
<td>20XX
</td>
<td>1.15.0
</td>
<td>(Not yet released)
</td>
<td>In development
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="5"><small><div class="templateVersion l version-legend" style=""><div style=""><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><b>Legend:</b></span></div><div style="display: flex;" class="legend-item">Unsupported</div><div style="display: flex;" class="legend-item">Supported</div><div style="display: flex;" class="legend-item"><b>Latest version</b></div><div style="display: flex;" class="legend-item">Preview version</div><div style="display: flex;" class="legend-item">Future version</div></div></small>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Release dates are extracted from Apache Subversion's <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CHANGES</code> file,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which records all release history.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Commit_(data_management)" title="Commit (data management)">Commits</a> as true <a href="Atomicity_(database_systems)" title="Atomicity (database systems)">atomic operations</a> (interrupted commit operations in CVS would cause repository inconsistency or corruption).</li>
<li>The system maintains <a href="Software_versioning" title="Software versioning">versioning</a> for directories and some specific file <a href="Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> (see <a href="#Properties">Properties</a>). Users can move or copy files and entire directory-trees very quickly, while retaining full revision history (as being implemented by a reference to the original object).</li>
<li>Versioning of <a href="Symbolic_link" title="Symbolic link">symbolic links</a>.</li>
<li>Native support for binary files, with space-efficient binary-diff storage.</li>
<li><a href="Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">Apache HTTP Server</a> as network server, <a href="WebDAV" title="WebDAV">WebDAV</a>/<a href="WebDAV#Extensions_and_derivatives" title="WebDAV">Delta-V</a> for <a href="Protocol_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol (computing)">protocol</a>. There is also an independent server <a href="Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">process</a> called svnserve that uses a custom protocol over <a href="Internet_Protocol_Suite" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Protocol Suite">TCP/IP</a>.</li>
<li><a href="Branching_(version_control)" title="Branching (version control)">Branching</a> is implemented by a copy of a directory, thus it is a cheap operation, independent of file size.</li>
<li>Natively <a href="Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model">client–server</a>, <a href="Abstraction_layer" title="Abstraction layer">layered</a> <a href="Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">library</a> design.</li>
<li>Client/server protocol sends <a href="Diff" title="Diff">diffs</a> in both directions.</li>
<li><a href="Parsing" title="Parsing">Parsable</a> output, including <a href="XML" title="XML">XML</a> log output.</li>
<li><a href="Open_source_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source license">Open source licensed</a> – <a href="Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License</a> since the 1.7 release; prior versions use a derivative of the Apache Software License 1.1.</li>
<li><a href="Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">Internationalized</a> program messages.</li>
<li><a href="File_locking" title="File locking">File locking</a> for unmergeable files ("reserved checkouts").</li>
<li>Path-based authorization.</li>
<li><a href="Language_binding" title="Language binding">Language bindings</a> for <a href="C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>, <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>, and <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>.</li>
<li>Full <a href="MIME" title="MIME">MIME</a> support – users can view or change the MIME type of each file, with the software knowing which MIME types can have their differences from previous versions shown.</li>
<li>Merge tracking – merges between branches will be tracked, this allows automatic merging between branches without telling Subversion what does and does not need to be merged.</li>
<li>Changelists to organize commits into commit groups.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repository_types">Repository types</h3></div>
<p>Subversion offers two types of repository storage.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Berkeley_DB_(deprecated)">Berkeley DB (deprecated)</h4></div>
<p>The original development of Subversion used the <a href="Berkeley_DB" title="Berkeley DB">Berkeley DB</a> package.
Subversion has some limitations with Berkeley DB usage when a program that accesses the database crashes or terminates forcibly. No data loss or corruption occurs, but the repository remains offline while Berkeley DB replays the journal and cleans up any outstanding locks. The safest way to use Subversion with a Berkeley DB repository involves a single server-process running as one user (instead of through a shared filesystem).<sup id="cite_ref-backend_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-backend-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Berkeley DB backend was deprecated in version 1.8.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="FSFS">FSFS</h4></div>
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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"FSFS" redirects here. For the Freesat service from Sky, see <a href="Freesat_from_Sky" title="Freesat from Sky">Freesat from Sky</a>. For the book by Richard Stallman, see <a href="Free_Software%2C_Free_Society" title="Free Software, Free Society">Free Software, Free Society</a>.</div>
<p>In 2004, a new storage subsystem was developed and named FSFS.
It works faster than the Berkeley DB backend on directories with a large number of files and takes less disk space,
due to less logging.<sup id="cite_ref-backend_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-backend-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Beginning with Subversion 1.2, FSFS became the default data store for new repositories.
</p><p>The etymology of "FSFS" is based on Subversion's use of the term "filesystem" for its repository storage system.
FSFS stores its contents directly within the operating system's filesystem, rather than a structured system like Berkeley DB.
Thus, it is a "[Subversion] FileSystem atop the FileSystem".
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="FSX">FSX</h4></div>
<p>A new filesystem, called FSX, is under development to remove some limitations of FSFS. It was added in version 1.9 and not considered production-ready.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of version 1.14, it is still marked as experimental.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repository_access">Repository access</h3></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Comparison_of_Subversion_clients" title="Comparison of Subversion clients">Comparison of Subversion clients</a></div>
<p>Access to Subversion repositories can take place by:
</p>
<ol><li>Local filesystem or network filesystem,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> accessed by client directly. This mode uses the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">
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</style><span class="monospaced">file:///path</span> access scheme.</li>
<li><a href="WebDAV" title="WebDAV">WebDAV</a>/Delta-V (over http or https) using the <span class="monospaced">mod_dav_svn</span> module for <a href="Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">Apache 2</a>. This mode uses the <span class="monospaced">http://host/path</span> access scheme or <span class="monospaced">https://host/path</span> for secure connections using ssl.</li>
<li>Custom "svn" protocol (default <a href="List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers" title="List of TCP and UDP port numbers">port</a> 3690), using plain text or over <a href="TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a>. This mode uses either the <span class="monospaced">svn://host/path</span> access scheme for unencrypted transport or <span class="monospaced">svn+ssh://host/path</span> scheme for tunneling over ssh.</li></ol>
<p>All three means can access both FSFS and Berkeley DB repositories.
</p><p>Any 1.x version of a client can work with any 1.x server. Newer clients and servers have additional features and performance capabilities, but have fallback support for older clients/servers.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Layers">Layers</h2></div>
<p>Internally, a Subversion system comprises several libraries arranged as layers. Each performs a specific task and allows developers to create their own tools at the desired level of complexity and specificity.
</p>
<dl><dt>Fs</dt>
<dd>The lowest level; it implements the versioned filesystem which stores the user data.</dd>
<dt>Repos</dt>
<dd>Concerned with the repository built up around the filesystem. It has many helper functions and handles the various "hooks" that a repository may have, e.g., scripts that run when an action is performed. Together, Fs and Repos constitute the "filesystem interface".</dd>
<dt>mod_dav_svn</dt>
<dd>Provides <a href="WebDAV" title="WebDAV">WebDAV</a>/Delta-V access through Apache 2.</dd>
<dt>Ra</dt>
<dd>Handles "repository access", both local and remote. From this point on, repositories are referred to using URLs, e.g.
<ul><li><span class="monospaced">file:///path/</span> for local access,</li>
<li><span class="monospaced">http://host/path/</span> or <span class="monospaced">https://host/path/</span> for WebDAV access, or</li>
<li><span class="monospaced">svn://host/path/</span> or <span class="monospaced">svn+ssh://host/path/</span> for the SVN protocol.</li></ul></dd></dl>
<dl><dt>Client, Wc</dt>
<dd>The highest level. It abstracts repository access and provides common client tasks, such as authenticating users or comparing versions. Subversion clients use the Wc library to manage the local working copy.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filesystem">Filesystem</h2></div>

<p>One can view the Subversion filesystem as "two-dimensional".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two coordinates are used to unambiguously address filesystem items:
</p>
<ul><li><b>Path</b> (regular <a href="Path_(computing)" title="Path (computing)">path</a> of <a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> OS filesystem)</li>
<li><b>Revision</b></li></ul>
<p>Each revision in a Subversion filesystem has its own <i><a href="Root_directory" title="Root directory">root</a></i>, which is used to access contents at that revision. Files are stored as links to the most recent change; thus a Subversion repository is quite compact. The system consumes storage space proportional to the number of changes made, not to the number of revisions.
</p><p>The Subversion filesystem uses transactions to keep changes <a href="Atomicity_(database_systems)" title="Atomicity (database systems)">atomic</a>. A transaction operates on a specified revision of the filesystem, not necessarily the latest. The transaction has its own <i>root</i>, on which changes are made. It is then either committed and becomes the latest revision, or is aborted. The transaction is actually a long-lived filesystem object; a client does not need to commit or abort a transaction itself, rather it can also begin a transaction, exit, and then can re-open the transaction and continue using it. Potentially, multiple clients can access the same transaction and work together on an atomic change, though no existing clients expose this capability.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2></div>
<p>One important feature of the Subversion filesystem is properties: simple <i>name</i>=<i>value</i> pairs of text. Most properties occur on filesystem entries (i.e., files and directories). These are versioned just like other changes to the filesystem. The Subversion client reserves the 'svn:' prefix for built-in properties, but other names can be used to define custom properties.
</p>
<dl><dt><span class="monospaced">svn:executable</span></dt>
<dd>Makes a file on <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>-hosted working copies executable, when supported by the filesystem.</dd>
<dt><span class="monospaced">svn:mime-type</span></dt>
<dd>Stores the <a href="Internet_media_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet media type">Internet media type</a> ("MIME type") of a file. Affects the handling of diffs and merging.</dd>
<dt><span class="monospaced">svn:ignore</span></dt>
<dd>A list of filename patterns to ignore in a directory. Similar to <a href="Concurrent_Versions_System" title="Concurrent Versions System">CVS</a>'s <code>.cvsignore</code> file.</dd>
<dt><span class="monospaced">svn:keywords</span></dt>
<dd>A list of <i>keywords</i> to substitute into a file when changes are made. The file itself must also reference the keywords as <span class="monospaced">$keyword$</span> or <span class="monospaced">$keyword:...$</span>. This is used to maintain certain information (e.g., author, date of last change, revision number) in a file without human intervention.<br>The keyword substitution mechanism originates from <a href="Revision_Control_System" title="Revision Control System">RCS</a> and from CVS.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>
<dt><span class="monospaced">svn:eol-style</span></dt>
<dd>Makes the client convert <a href="Newline" title="Newline">end-of-line</a> characters in text files. Used when the working copy is needed with a specific EOL style. "native" is commonly used, so that EOLs match the user's OS EOL style. Repositories may require this property on all files to prevent inconsistent line endings, which can cause a problem in itself.</dd>
<dt><span class="monospaced">svn:externals</span></dt>
<dd>Allows parts of other repositories to be automatically checked out into a subdirectory.</dd>
<dt><span class="monospaced">svn:needs-lock</span></dt>
<dd>Specifies that a file is to be checked out with file permissions set to read-only. This is designed for use with the locking mechanism. The read-only permission reminds one to obtain a lock before modifying the file: obtaining a lock makes the file writable, and releasing the lock makes it read-only again. Locks are only enforced during a commit operation. Locks can be used without setting this property. However, that is not recommended, because it introduces the risk of someone modifying a locked file; they will only discover it has been locked when their commit fails.</dd>
<dt><span class="monospaced">svn:special</span></dt>
<dd>This property is not meant to be set or modified directly by users. As of 2010 it is only used for having <a href="Symbolic_link" title="Symbolic link">symbolic links</a> in the repository. When a symbolic link is added to the repository, a file containing the link target is created with this property set. When a Unix-like system checks out this file, the client converts it to a symbolic link.</dd>
<dt><span class="monospaced">svn:mergeinfo</span></dt>
<dd>Used to track merge data (revision numbers) in Subversion 1.5 (or later). This property is automatically maintained by the <span class="monospaced">merge</span> command, and it is not recommended to change its value manually.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>
<p>Subversion also uses properties on revisions themselves. Like the above properties on filesystem entries, the names are completely arbitrary, with the Subversion client using certain properties prefixed with 'svn:'. However, these properties are not versioned, and they can be changed later if allowed by a pre-revprop-change hook.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dt><span class="monospaced">svn:date</span></dt>
<dd>The date and time stamp of a revision.</dd>
<dt><span class="monospaced">svn:author</span></dt>
<dd>The name of the user that submitted the change(s).</dd>
<dt><span class="monospaced">svn:log</span></dt>
<dd>The user-supplied description of the change(s).</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branching_and_tagging">Branching and tagging</h2></div>
<p>Subversion uses the inter-file branching model from <a href="Perforce" title="Perforce">Perforce</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to implement <a href="Branching_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Branching (software)">branches</a> and <a href="Revision_tag" title="Revision tag">tagging</a>. A branch is a separate line of development.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tagging refers to labeling the repository at a certain point in time so that it can be easily found in the future. In Subversion, the only difference between branches and tags is how they are used.
</p><p>A new branch or tag is set up by using the "<span class="monospaced">svn copy</span>" command, which should be used in place of the native operating system mechanism. The copied directory is linked to the original in the repository to preserve its history, and the copy takes very little extra space in the repository.
</p><p>All the versions in each branch maintain the history of the file up to the point of the copy, plus any changes made since. One can "merge" changes back into the <a href="Trunk_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trunk (software)">trunk</a> or between branches.
</p>
<div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:100%;max-width:825px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Visualization of a simple Subversion project</div></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations_and_problems">Limitations and problems</h2></div>
<p>A known problem in Subversion affects the implementation of the file and directory rename operation. As of 2014, Subversion implements the renaming of files and directories as a "copy" to the new name followed by a "delete" of the old name. Only the names change, all data relating to the edit history remains the same, and Subversion will still use the old name in older revisions of the "tree". However, Subversion may become confused when a move conflicts with edits made elsewhere,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both for regular commits and when merging branches.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Subversion 1.5 release addressed some of these scenarios while others remained problematic.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Subversion 1.8 release addressed some of these problems by making moves a first-class operation on the client, but it is still treated as copy+delete in the repository.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>As of 2013, Subversion lacks some repository-administration and management features. For instance, someone may wish to edit the repository to permanently remove all historical records of certain data. Subversion does not have built-in support to achieve this simply.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Subversion stores additional copies of data on the local machine, which can become an issue with very large projects or files, or if developers work on multiple branches simultaneously. In versions prior to 1.7 these <code>.svn</code> directories on the client side could become corrupted by ill-advised user activity like global search/replace operations.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting with version 1.7 Subversion uses a single centralized <span class="monospaced">.svn</span> folder per working area.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Subversion does not store the modification times of files. As such, a file checked out of a Subversion repository will have the 'current' date (instead of the modification time in the repository), and a file checked into the repository will have the date of the check-in (instead of the modification time of the file being checked in). This might not always be what is wanted.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
To mitigate this, third-party tools exist that allow for preserving modification time and other filesystem meta-data.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
However, giving checked out files a current date is important as well — this is how tools like <a href="Make_(software)" title="Make (software)">make(1)</a> will take notice of a changed file for rebuilding it.
</p><p>Subversion uses a centralized <a href="Revision_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Revision control">revision control</a> model. <a href="Ben_Collins-Sussman" title="Ben Collins-Sussman">Ben Collins-Sussman</a>, one of the designers of Subversion, believes a centralised model would help prevent "insecure programmers" from hiding their work from other team members during development.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some users of version control systems see the centralised model as detrimental; famously, <a href="Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a> attacked Subversion's model and its developers.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Subversion often does not deal well with the <a href="Unicode_equivalence#Normalization" title="Unicode equivalence">filename normalization</a> performed by the <a href="HFS%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="HFS+">HFS+</a> filesystem. This can cause problems when files with accented characters in their names are added to the repository on a non-HFS+ filesystem and the repository is then used with HFS+.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subversion_tags_and_branches">Subversion tags and branches</h3></div>
<p>Revision numbers are difficult to remember in any version-control system. For this reason, most systems offer symbolic <i>tags</i> as user-friendly references to them. Subversion does not have such a feature and what its documentation recommends to use instead is very different in nature. Instead of implementing tags as <i>references</i> to points in history, Subversion recommends making snapshot <i>copies</i> into a well-known subdirectory ("<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">tags/</code>") in the space of the repository tree. Only a few predefined <i>references</i> are available: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">HEAD</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">BASE</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PREV</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">COMMITTED</code>.
</p><p>This history-to-space projection has multiple issues:
</p>
<div><ol><li>When a snapshot is taken, the system does not assign any special meaning to the name of the tag/snapshot. This is the difference between a <i>copy</i> and a <i>reference</i>. The revision is recorded and the snapshot can be accessed by URL. This makes some operations less convenient and others impossible. For instance, a naive <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">svn diff -r tag1:tag2 myfile</code> does not work; it is slightly more complicated than that to achieve, requiring the user to know and input URL/paths to the snapshots instead of just the names: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">svn diff &lt;URL-TO-TAG1&gt;/myfile &lt;URL-TO-TAG2&gt;/myfile</code>. Other operations like for instance <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">svn log -r tag1:tag2 myfile</code> are just impossible.</li><li>When two (ideally independent) object types live in the repository tree, a "fight to the top" can ensue. In other words, it is often difficult to decide at which level to create the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">tags/</code> subdirectory:
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<td>
<pre><b>trunk</b>/
/component<b>foo</b>/
/component<b>bar</b>/
<b>tags</b>/
/1.1/
/component<b>foo</b>/
/component<b>bar</b>/
</pre>
</td>
<td>&nbsp;or&nbsp;
</td>
<td>
<pre>component<b>foo</b>/
/<b>trunk</b>/
/<b>tags</b>/
/1.1/
component<b>bar</b>/
/<b>trunk</b>/
/<b>tags</b>/
/1.1/
</pre>
</td></tr></tbody></table></li><li>Tags, by their conventional definition, are both read-only and light-weight, on the repository and client. Subversion copies are not read-only, and while they are light-weight on the repository, they are incredibly heavy-weight on the client.</li></ol></div>
<p>To address such issues, posters on the Subversion mailing lists have suggested a new feature called "labels" or "aliases".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SVN labels would more closely resemble the "tags" of other systems such as <a href="Concurrent_Versions_System" title="Concurrent Versions System">CVS</a> or <a href="Git_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Git (software)">Git</a>. The fact that Subversion has global revision numbers opens the way to a very simple label → revision implementation. Yet as of 2013, no progress has been made and symbolic tags are not in the list of the most wanted features.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_and_implementation">Development and implementation</h2></div>
<p><a href="CollabNet" title="CollabNet">CollabNet</a> has continued its involvement with Subversion, but the project runs as an independent open source community. In November 2009, the project was accepted into the Apache Incubator, aiming to become part of the <a href="Apache_Software_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Software Foundation">Apache Software Foundation</a>'s efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since March 2010, the project is formally known as Apache Subversion, being a part of the Apache Top-Level Projects.<sup id="cite_ref-CollabNetPR2010_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CollabNetPR2010-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In October 2009, <a href="WANdisco" class="mw-redirect" title="WANdisco">WANdisco</a> announced the hiring of core Subversion committers as the company moved to become a major corporate sponsor of the project. This included Hyrum Wright, president of the Subversion Corporation and release manager for the Subversion project since early 2008, who joined the company to lead its open source team.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The Subversion open-source community does not provide binaries, but potential users can download binaries from volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Subversion project does not include an official <a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (GUI) for use with Subversion, third parties have developed a number of different GUIs, along with a wide variety of additional ancillary software.
</p><p>Work announced in 2009 included SubversionJ (a <a href="Java_API" class="mw-redirect" title="Java API">Java API</a>) and implementation of the Obliterate command, similar to that provided by <a href="Perforce" title="Perforce">Perforce</a>. Both of these enhancements were sponsored by WANdisco.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The Subversion committers normally have at least one or two new features under active development at any one time. The 1.7 release of Subversion in October 2011 included a streamlined HTTP transport to improve performance and a rewritten working-copy library.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/subversion/svn-logos/README.html">a design contest</a> was held to select the logo for Subversion. The original entries can be found <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/subversion/svn-logos/entries.html">here</a> as well as the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/subversion/svn-logos/VOTES">votes</a> for each logo. The current logo received the most votes in the contest.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
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<ul><li><a href="List_of_version-control_software" title="List of version-control software">List of version-control software</a></li>
<li><a href="Comparison_of_version-control_software" title="Comparison of version-control software">Comparison of version-control software</a></li>
<li><a href="Comparison_of_Subversion_clients" title="Comparison of Subversion clients">Comparison of Subversion clients</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_software_that_uses_Subversion" title="List of software that uses Subversion">List of software that uses Subversion</a></li>
<li><a href="TortoiseSVN" title="TortoiseSVN">TortoiseSVN</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apache-2.0 since 2009-07-07.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3></div>
<div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
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/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Subversion#tab=Details">"Subversion"</a>. <i>directory.fsf.org</i>. <a href="Free_Software_Directory" title="Free Software Directory">Free Software Directory</a>. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://subversion.apache.org/docs/release-notes/1.6.html">"Apache Subversion 1.6 Release Notes"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-21</span></span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Subversion_Team2024" class="citation web cs1">The Subversion Team (2024-10-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/subversion/tags/1.14.5/CHANGES">"Changelog for Version 1.14.5 and earlier"</a>. <i>Apache Subversion</i>. The Apache Software Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-20</span></span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/subversion/trunk/CHANGES">"Apache Subversion's CHANGES file"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-31</span></span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-backend-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-backend_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-backend_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">
<cite id="CITEREFBen_Collins-SussmanBrian_W._FitzpatrickC._Michael_Pilato2011" class="citation book cs1">Ben Collins-Sussman; Brian W. Fitzpatrick; C. Michael Pilato (2011). "Chapter 5: Strategies for Repository Deployment". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svnbook.red-bean.com/en/1.7/svn.reposadmin.planning.html#svn.reposadmin.basics.backends"><i>Version Control with Subversion: For Subversion 1.7</i></a>. O'Reilly.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://subversion.apache.org/docs/release-notes/1.8.html#bdb-deprecated">"Apache Subversion 1.8 Release Notes"</a>. Apache Project<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://subversion.apache.org/docs/release-notes/1.9.html#fsx">"Apache Subversion 1.9 Release Notes"</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://subversion.apache.org/docs/api/1.14/group__svn__fs__backend__names.html#ga5b95fecdc34bccacc58e552494dd0889">"Subversion: Built-in back-ends"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-07-25</span></span>. <q>#define SVN_FS_TYPE_FSX "fsx"<br>EXPERIMENTAL filesystem backend.<br>It is not ready for general production use. Please consult the respective release notes on suggested usage scenarios.</q></cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Berkeley_DB" title="Berkeley DB">Berkeley DB</a> relies on file locking and thus should not be used on (network) filesystems which do not implement them</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://subversion.apache.org/docs/release-notes/1.5.html">SVN 1.5 release notes</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svnbook.red-bean.com/nightly/en/svn.branchmerge.basicmerging.html#svn.branchmerge.basicmerging.resurrect">Basic Merging</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://man.openbsd.org/OpenBSD-current/man1/rcs.1">"rcs(1)"</a>. <i>OpenBSD manual pages</i>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svnbook.red-bean.com/en/1.5/svn.ref.properties.html">Subversion Properties</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svnbook.red-bean.com/en/1.7/svn.ref.reposhooks.pre-revprop-change.html">pre-revprop-change</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perforce.com/perforce/branch.html">Inter-File Branching: A Practical Method for Representing Variants</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070714160428/http://www.perforce.com/perforce/branch.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-14 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tortoisesvn.net/docs/release/TortoiseSVN_en/tsvn-dug-branchtag.html">Branching / Tagging — TortoiseSVN</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021201064344/http://subversion.tigris.org/issues/show_bug.cgi?id=898">"Implement true renames"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://subversion.tigris.org/issues/show_bug.cgi?id=898">the original</a> on 2002-12-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-11</span></span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svnbook.red-bean.com/en/1.7/svn.branchmerge.advanced.html#svn.branchmerge.advanced.moves">Advanced Merging</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://subversion.apache.org/docs/release-notes/1.5.html#copy-move-improvements">Copy/move-related improvements in Subversion 1.5</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://subversion.apache.org/docs/release-notes/1.8.html#moves">Working copy records moves as first-class operation in Subversion 1.8</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SVN-516">"[SVN-516] svn obliterate"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-04</span></span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stackoverflow.com/a/579442">"Subclipse - Repair SVN Checksum"</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://subversion.apache.org/docs/release-notes/1.7.html#wc-ng">Working Copy Metadata Storage Improvements (client)</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SVN-1256">"[SVN-1256] Ability to preserve last modification time (mtime) of files under version control"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-04</span></span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/freezeattrib/files/">FreezeAttrib (saves/restores file attributes using properties)</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/phmarek/fsvs">fsvs – Full System Versioning System</a> on <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.red-bean.com/sussman/?p=96">Programmer Insecurity @ iBanjo</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4XpnKHJAok8">Google Tech Talk video</a> and its <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725034129/https://git.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/LinusTalk200705Transcript">transcript</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SVN-2464">"[SVN-2464] Canonicalize / stringprep UTF-8 filenames to handle composed / decomposed differences shown by e.g. Mac OS X HFS+"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-04</span></span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example: <cite id="CITEREFWeintraub2005" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Weintraub, David (23 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svn.haxx.se/dev/archive-2005-05/1095.shtml">"Subversion 'labels' vs. 'tags'"</a>. <i>SVN Dev</i> (Mailing list)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://subversion.apache.org/roadmap.html">"Apache Subversion Roadmap"</a>. Apache Project<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apache.org/foundation/press/pr_2009_11_04.html">"Subversion Submitted to Become a Project at The Apache Software Foundation"</a>. November 4, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CollabNetPR2010-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CollabNetPR2010_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100311192650/http://www.open.collab.net/news/press/2010/apache.html">"CollabNet Supports Subversion's Graduation to Apache Top-Level Project"</a>. CollabNet. 1 March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open.collab.net/news/press/2010/apache.html">the original</a> on 2010-03-11.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWANdisco2010" class="citation news cs1">WANdisco (January 7, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opensource.sys-con.com/node/1239202">"WANdisco Names Hyrum Wright to Lead Subversion Open Source Efforts"</a>. <i>News release</i>. Open Source magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118161238/http://opensource.sys-con.com/node/1239202">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-01-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://subversion.apache.org/packages.html">"Apache Subversion Binary Packages"</a>. <i>Official project website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWANdisco2009" class="citation news cs1">WANdisco (October 28, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111118040455/http://www.cmcrossroads.com/index.php?Itemid=100152&amp;catid=101%3Anews-and-announcements&amp;id=13065%3Awandisco-presents-new-initiatives-for-the-subversion-open-source-project-&amp;option=com_content&amp;view=article">"WANdisco Presents New Initiatives for the Subversion Open Source Project"</a>. <i>News release</i>. CM Crossroads. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmcrossroads.com/index.php?Itemid=100152&amp;catid=101:news-and-announcements&amp;id=13065:wandisco-presents-new-initiatives-for-the-subversion-open-source-project-&amp;option=com_content&amp;view=article">the original</a> on 2011-11-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://subversion.apache.org/roadmap.html">"Apache Subversion Roadmap"</a>. <i>Official project website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div>
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<ul><li>C. Michael Pilato, Ben Collins-Sussman, Brian W. Fitzpatrick; <i>Version Control with Subversion</i>; O'Reilly; <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<bdi>0-596-00448-6</bdi> (1st edition, paperback, 2004, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svnbook.red-bean.com/">full book online</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080107072118/http://www.mentalpointer.com/Subversion/svn-book.html">mirror</a>)</li>
<li>Garrett Rooney; <i>Practical Subversion</i>; Apress; <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<bdi>1-59059-290-5</bdi> (1st edition, paperback, 2005)</li>
<li>Mike Mason; <i>Pragmatic Version Control Using Subversion</i>; Pragmatic Bookshelf; <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<bdi>0-9745140-6-3</bdi> (1st edition, paperback, 2005)</li>
<li>William Nagel; <i>Subversion Version Control: Using the Subversion Version Control System in Development Projects</i>; Prentice Hall; <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<bdi>0-13-185518-2</bdi> (1st edition, paperback, 2005)</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.red-bean.com/sussman/svn-anti-fud.html">Dispelling Subversion FUD</a> by Ben Collins-Sussman (Subversion developer), link broken as of 2013-03-07 (Internet Archive.org <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718233416/http://www.red-bean.com/sussman/svn-anti-fud.html">2011-07-18 captured version</a>, "last updated" 2004-12-21)</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://subversion.apache.org/">Official website</a></span></span> </li></ul>
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</style><div id="Version_control_software443" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Version_control" title="Version control">Version control software</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Years, where available, indicate the date of first stable release. Systems with names <i>in italics</i> are no longer maintained or have planned end-of-life dates.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free/open-source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Revision_Control_System" title="Revision Control System">RCS</a> (1982)</li>
<li><a href="Source_Code_Control_System" title="Source Code Control System">SCCS</a> (1973)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="The_Librarian_(version_control_system)" title="The Librarian (version control system)">The Librarian</a> (1969)</li>
<li><a href="Panvalet" title="Panvalet">Panvalet</a> (1970s)</li>
<li><a href="PVCS" title="PVCS">PVCS</a> (1985)</li>
<li><i><a href="QVCS" title="QVCS">QVCS</a></i> (1991)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Client–server</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free/open-source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Concurrent_Versions_System" title="Concurrent Versions System">CVS</a> (1986, 1990 in C)</li>
<li><a href="CVSNT" title="CVSNT">CVSNT</a> (1998)</li>
<li><a href="QVCS" title="QVCS">QVCS Enterprise</a> (1998)</li>
<li> (2000)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proprietary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="AccuRev_SCM" title="AccuRev SCM">AccuRev SCM</a> (2002)</li>
<li>Azure DevOps
<ul><li><a href="Azure_DevOps_Server" title="Azure DevOps Server">Server</a> (via <a href="Azure_DevOps_Server#TFVC" title="Azure DevOps Server">TFVC</a>) (2005)</li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Visual_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Studio">Services</a> (via <a href="Azure_DevOps_Server#TFVC" title="Azure DevOps Server">TFVC</a>) (2014)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Rational_ClearCase" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational ClearCase">ClearCase</a> (1992)</li>
<li><i><a href="IBM_Configuration_Management_Version_Control_(CMVC)" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Configuration Management Version Control (CMVC)">CMVC</a></i> (1994)</li>
<li><a href="Dimensions_CM" title="Dimensions CM">Dimensions CM</a> (1980s)</li>
<li><i><a href="Apollo_Computer#History" title="Apollo Computer">DSEE</a></i> (1984)</li>
<li><a href="PTC_Integrity" title="PTC Integrity">Integrity</a> (2001)</li>
<li><a href="Perforce_Helix" class="mw-redirect" title="Perforce Helix">Perforce Helix</a> (1995)</li>
<li><a href="IBM_Software_Configuration_and_Library_Manager" title="IBM Software Configuration and Library Manager">SCLM</a> (1980s?)</li>
<li><a href="CA_Harvest_Software_Change_Manager" title="CA Harvest Software Change Manager">Software Change Manager</a> (1970s)</li>
<li><a href="StarTeam" title="StarTeam">StarTeam</a> (1995)</li>
<li><a href="Surround_SCM" title="Surround SCM">Surround SCM</a> (2002)</li>
<li><a href="Rational_Synergy" title="Rational Synergy">Synergy</a> (1990)</li>
<li><a href="Rational_Team_Concert" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational Team Concert">Team Concert</a> (2008)</li>
<li><a href="Vault_(version_control_system)" title="Vault (version control system)">Vault</a> (2003)</li>
<li><i><a href="Microsoft_Visual_SourceSafe" title="Microsoft Visual SourceSafe">Visual SourceSafe</a></i> (1994)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Distributed_version_control" title="Distributed version control">Distributed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free/open-source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="BitKeeper" title="BitKeeper">BitKeeper</a></i> (2000)</li>
<li><a href="Breezy_(software)" title="Breezy (software)">Breezy</a> (2017)</li>
<li><i><a href="Code_Co-op" title="Code Co-op">Code Co-op</a></i> (1997)</li>
<li><a href="Darcs" title="Darcs">Darcs</a> (2002)</li>
<li><i><a href="Distributed_Concurrent_Versions_System" title="Distributed Concurrent Versions System">DCVS</a></i> (2002)</li>
<li><a href="Fossil_(software)" title="Fossil (software)">Fossil</a> (2007)</li>
<li><a href="Git" title="Git">Git</a> (2005)</li>
<li><i><a href="GNU_arch" title="GNU arch">GNU arch</a></i> (2001)</li>
<li><a href="GNU_Bazaar" title="GNU Bazaar">GNU Bazaar</a> (2005)</li>
<li><a href="Mercurial" title="Mercurial">Mercurial</a> (2005)</li>
<li><a href="Monotone_(software)" title="Monotone (software)">Monotone</a> (2003)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proprietary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Azure DevOps
<ul><li><a href="Azure_DevOps_Server" title="Azure DevOps Server">Server</a> (via Git) (2013)</li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Visual_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Studio">Services</a> (via Git) (2014)</li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="Sun_WorkShop_TeamWare" title="Sun WorkShop TeamWare">TeamWare</a></i> (1992)</li>
<li><a href="Plastic_SCM" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic SCM">Plastic SCM</a> (2006)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Baseline_(configuration_management)" title="Baseline (configuration management)">Baseline</a></li>
<li><a href="Branching_(version_control)" title="Branching (version control)">Branch</a>
<ul><li><a href="Branching_(version_control)#Development_branch" title="Branching (version control)">Trunk</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Changeset" title="Changeset">Changeset</a></li>
<li><a href="Commit_(version_control)" title="Commit (version control)">Commit</a>
<ul><li><a href="Gated_commit" title="Gated commit">Gated</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Delta_encoding" title="Delta encoding">Delta compression</a>
<ul><li><a href="Interleaved_deltas" title="Interleaved deltas">Interleaved</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="File_comparison" title="File comparison">File comparison</a></li>
<li><a href="Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">Fork</a></li>
<li><a href="Merge_(version_control)" title="Merge (version control)">Merge</a></li>
<li><a href="Monorepo" title="Monorepo">Monorepo</a></li>
<li><a href="Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></li>
<li><a href="Revision_tag" title="Revision tag">Tag</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
<ul><li><b>Category</b></li>
<li><b><a href="Comparison_of_version-control_software" title="Comparison of version-control software">Comparison</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="List_of_version-control_software" title="List of version-control software">List</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Apache_Software_Foundation253" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="The_Apache_Software_Foundation253" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="The_Apache_Software_Foundation" title="The Apache Software Foundation">The Apache Software Foundation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top-level<br>projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Apache_Accumulo" title="Apache Accumulo">Accumulo</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_ActiveMQ" title="Apache ActiveMQ">ActiveMQ</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Airavata" title="Apache Airavata">Airavata</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Airflow" title="Apache Airflow">Airflow</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Allura" title="Apache Allura">Allura</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Ambari" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Ambari">Ambari</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Ant" title="Apache Ant">Ant</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Aries" title="Apache Aries">Aries</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Arrow" title="Apache Arrow">Arrow</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">Apache HTTP Server</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Portable_Runtime" title="Apache Portable Runtime">APR</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Avro" title="Apache Avro">Avro</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Axis" title="Apache Axis">Axis</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Axis2" title="Apache Axis2">Axis2</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Beam" title="Apache Beam">Beam</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Bloodhound" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Bloodhound">Bloodhound</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Brooklyn" title="Apache Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Calcite" title="Apache Calcite">Calcite</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Camel" title="Apache Camel">Camel</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_CarbonData" title="Apache CarbonData">CarbonData</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Cassandra" title="Apache Cassandra">Cassandra</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Cayenne" title="Apache Cayenne">Cayenne</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_CloudStack" title="Apache CloudStack">CloudStack</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Cocoon" title="Apache Cocoon">Cocoon</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Cordova" title="Apache Cordova">Cordova</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_CouchDB" title="Apache CouchDB">CouchDB</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_cTAKES" title="Apache cTAKES">cTAKES</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_CXF" title="Apache CXF">CXF</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Derby" title="Apache Derby">Derby</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Directory" title="Apache Directory">Directory</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Drill" title="Apache Drill">Drill</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Druid" title="Apache Druid">Druid</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Empire-db" title="Apache Empire-db">Empire-db</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Felix" title="Apache Felix">Felix</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Flex" title="Apache Flex">Flex</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Flink" title="Apache Flink">Flink</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Flume" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Flume">Flume</a></li>
<li><a href="FreeMarker" title="FreeMarker">FreeMarker</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Geronimo" title="Apache Geronimo">Geronimo</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Groovy" title="Apache Groovy">Groovy</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Guacamole" title="Apache Guacamole">Guacamole</a></li>
<li>Gump</li>
<li><a href="Apache_Hadoop" title="Apache Hadoop">Hadoop</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_HBase" title="Apache HBase">HBase</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Helix" title="Apache Helix">Helix</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Hive" title="Apache Hive">Hive</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Iceberg" title="Apache Iceberg">Iceberg</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Ignite" title="Apache Ignite">Ignite</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Impala" title="Apache Impala">Impala</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Jackrabbit" title="Apache Jackrabbit">Jackrabbit</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_James" title="Apache James">James</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Jena" title="Apache Jena">Jena</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_JMeter" title="Apache JMeter">JMeter</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Kafka" title="Apache Kafka">Kafka</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Kudu" title="Apache Kudu">Kudu</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Kylin" title="Apache Kylin">Kylin</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Lucene" title="Apache Lucene">Lucene</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Mahout" title="Apache Mahout">Mahout</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Maven" title="Apache Maven">Maven</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_MINA" title="Apache MINA">MINA</a></li>
<li><a href="Mod_perl" title="Mod perl">mod_perl</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_MyFaces" title="Apache MyFaces">MyFaces</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Mynewt" title="Apache Mynewt">Mynewt</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_NiFi" title="Apache NiFi">NiFi</a></li>
<li><a href="NetBeans" title="NetBeans">NetBeans</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Nutch" title="Apache Nutch">Nutch</a></li>
<li><a href="NuttX" title="NuttX">NuttX</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_OFBiz" title="Apache OFBiz">OFBiz</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Oozie" title="Apache Oozie">Oozie</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_OpenEJB" title="Apache OpenEJB">OpenEJB</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_OpenJPA" title="Apache OpenJPA">OpenJPA</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_OpenNLP" title="Apache OpenNLP">OpenNLP</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_OpenOffice" title="Apache OpenOffice">OрenOffice</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_ORC" title="Apache ORC">ORC</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_PDFBox" title="Apache PDFBox">PDFBox</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Parquet" title="Apache Parquet">Parquet</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Phoenix" title="Apache Phoenix">Phoenix</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_POI" title="Apache POI">POI</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Pig" title="Apache Pig">Pig</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Pinot" title="Apache Pinot">Pinot</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Pivot" title="Apache Pivot">Pivot</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Qpid" title="Apache Qpid">Qpid</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Roller" title="Apache Roller">Roller</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_RocketMQ" title="Apache RocketMQ">RocketMQ</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Samza" title="Apache Samza">Samza</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Shiro" title="Apache Shiro">Shiro</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_SINGA" title="Apache SINGA">SINGA</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Sling" title="Apache Sling">Sling</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Solr" title="Apache Solr">Solr</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Spark" title="Apache Spark">Spark</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Storm" title="Apache Storm">Storm</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_SpamAssassin" title="Apache SpamAssassin">SpamAssassin</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Struts" title="Apache Struts">Struts</a>
<ul><li><a href="Apache_Struts_1" title="Apache Struts 1">1</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Apache_Superset" title="Apache Superset">Superset</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_SystemDS" title="Apache SystemDS">SystemDS</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Tapestry" title="Apache Tapestry">Tapestry</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Thrift" title="Apache Thrift">Thrift</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Tika" title="Apache Tika">Tika</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_TinkerPop" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache TinkerPop">TinkerPop</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Tomcat" title="Apache Tomcat">Tomcat</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Trafodion" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Trafodion">Trafodion</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Traffic_Server" title="Apache Traffic Server">Traffic Server</a></li>
<li><a href="UIMA" title="UIMA">UIMA</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Velocity" title="Apache Velocity">Velocity</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Wicket" title="Apache Wicket">Wicket</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Xalan" title="Apache Xalan">Xalan</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Xerces" title="Apache Xerces">Xerces</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_XMLBeans" title="Apache XMLBeans">XMLBeans</a></li>
<li>Yetus</li>
<li><a href="Apache_ZooKeeper" title="Apache ZooKeeper">ZooKeeper</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Apache_Commons" title="Apache Commons">Commons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Byte_Code_Engineering_Library" title="Byte Code Engineering Library">BCEL</a></li>
<li><a href="Bean_Scripting_Framework" title="Bean Scripting Framework">BSF</a></li>
<li><a href="Commons_Daemon" title="Commons Daemon">Daemon</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Jelly" title="Apache Jelly">Jelly</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Commons_Logging" title="Apache Commons Logging">Logging</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incubator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Apache_Taverna" title="Apache Taverna">Taverna</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Apache_Batik" title="Apache Batik">Batik</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_FOP_(Formatting_Objects_Processor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache FOP (Formatting Objects Processor)">FOP</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Ivy" title="Apache Ivy">Ivy</a></li>
<li><a href="Log4j" title="Log4j">Log4j</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Apache_Apex" title="Apache Apex">Apex</a></li>
<li><a href="AxKit" title="AxKit">AxKit</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Beehive" title="Apache Beehive">Beehive</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_iBATIS" title="Apache iBATIS">iBATIS</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Click" title="Apache Click">Click</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Continuum" title="Apache Continuum">Continuum</a></li>
<li><a href="Deltacloud" title="Deltacloud">Deltacloud</a></li>
<li><a href="Etch_(protocol)" title="Etch (protocol)">Etch</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Giraph" title="Apache Giraph">Giraph</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Hama" title="Apache Hama">Hama</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Harmony" title="Apache Harmony">Harmony</a></li>
<li><a href="Jakarta_Project" title="Jakarta Project">Jakarta</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Marmotta" title="Apache Marmotta">Marmotta</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_MXNet" title="Apache MXNet">MXNet</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_ODE" title="Apache ODE">ODE</a></li>
<li><a href="Jini" title="Jini">River</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Shale" title="Apache Shale">Shale</a></li>
<li><a href="Jakarta_Slide" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakarta Slide">Slide</a></li>
<li><a href="Sqoop" title="Sqoop">Sqoop</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Stanbol" title="Apache Stanbol">Stanbol</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Wave">Wave</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_XML" title="Apache XML">XML</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Licenses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46794#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata935" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46794#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata935" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/177165689">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4789161-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2006066336">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb145987009">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb145987009">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987009950610005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/083972714">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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